نقد ِسند کے محدثانہ اصول وضوابط: تحقیقی مطالعہ

Principles of Muhaddithin in Sanad Analysis: A Research Study

Abstract

Criticism of Sanad is actually the name of research and investigation of Sanād, which started from the time of Şahaba and its followers but its rules and regulations, and types were regularly written in the time of Muḥaddīthīn. In examining the authenticity of the ḥadīth, the narrators have kept in view three basic things; “‛Adālat” means the role of the narrator, “Dabat” means the ability and memory of the narrator and “Ittesaal e Sanād”. Adālat or character of the narrator means that the narrator should be a Muslim, mature and sane, protected from the causes of immorality, adhered to Islāmīc etiquette and morals, and avoid affairs contrary to them. Adālat of any narrator is proved when some or at least one of the scholars of Jarh o Ta`deel narrates it. In addition, the matters which end the narrator's Adalat include disbelief, transgression, innovation, lying, accusation of lying and ignorance. Dabat or memorization of the narrator means that if the narrator listens to the ḥadīth, he understands it well and preserves it, whether by memorizing or writing and it remained the same until the ḥadīth was narrated further. To examine the narrator's confinement, scholars compare his narrations with other preserved narrations.Obscure mistakes, memory impairment, negligence, making too many mistakes and opposing trustworthy narrators are the issues that deprive the narrator of the quality of Dabat. The connection of the chain of transmission is also very important in the research of the chain of transmission, which is also the basic condition for the authenticity of the ḥadīth. If there is any kind of discrepancy in the chain of transmission, then the hadith loses its status of authenticity. In addition to the above three items, two other items are also kept in mind in the context of research and that is whether there is no hidden cause in the sanad or there is no shuzooz in it. Even in these cases, the sanad is not acceptable. The great care that we get from the Sahabah and their followers and the Muḥaddīthīn after them is the specialty of the Muḥammadan Ummah only. Of course, no other nation has this blessing.